Excellent response to anti-CD38 therapy with daratumumab in a patient with severe refractory CANOMAD.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and rituximab are considered the first-line and second-line treatments for Chronic Ataxic Neuropathy and Ophthalmoplegia with IgM-paraprotein, cold Agglutinins, and anti-Disialosyl antibodies (CANOMAD), with an overall clinical response around 50%. New anti-CD38 daratumumab, targeting long-lived plasma cells, has been reported as a promising therapy for treatment-refractory antibody-mediated disorders. We report the first case of a severe refractory CANOMAD, successfully treated with daratumumab. METHODS: A patient in their 70s with severe relapsing CANOMAD, refractory to IVIG, steroids, rituximab and ibrutinib developed severe tetraparesis and respiratory failure. Plasma exchange (PE) improved motor and ventilatory function; however, after 6 weeks, patient remained PE dependent. Intravenous daratumumab was initiated at 16 mg/kg weekly for 3 weeks, every 2 weeks for the second and third month, and monthly afterwards. RESULTS: After 3 weeks of starting daratumumab, PE was discontinued and, since then, the patient evolved to complete recovery. Antidisialosyl antibody titres decreased after PE and remained stable during daratumumab. Serum neurofilament light-chain levels were elevated in the exacerbation phase and normalised after daratumumab. The patient remains in clinical remission under monthly daratumumab, 12 months after initiation. CONCLUSIONS: The first patient with aggressive treatment-refractory CANOMAD treated with daratumumab provides proof-of-principle evidence that daratumumab may be an effective treatment in IgM-related neuropathies.

Influence of vascular imaging acquisition at local stroke centers on workflows in the drip-n-ship model: a RACECAT post hoc analysis.

BACKGROUND: The influence of vascular imaging acquisition on workflows at local stroke centers (LSCs) not capable of performing thrombectomy in patients with a suspected large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke remains uncertain. We analyzed the impact of performing vascular imaging (VI+) or not (VI- at LSC arrival on variables related to workflows using data from the RACECAT Trial. OBJECTIVE: To compare workflows at the LSC among patients enrolled in the RACECAT Trial with or without VI acquisition. METHODS: We included patients with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke who were enrolled in the RACECAT Trial, a cluster-randomized trial that compared drip-n-ship versus mothership triage paradigms in patients with suspected acute LVO stroke allocated at the LSC. Outcome measures included time metrics related to workflows and the rate of interhospital transfers and thrombectomy among transferred patients. RESULTS: Among 467 patients allocated to a LSC, vascular imaging was acquired in 277 patients (59%), of whom 198 (71%) had a LVO. As compared with patients without vascular imaging, patients in the VI+ group were transferred less frequently as thrombectomy candidates to a thrombectomy-capable center (58% vs 74%, P=0.004), without significant differences in door-indoor-out time at the LSC (median minutes, VI+ 78 (IQR 69-96) vs VI- 76 (IQR 59-98), P=0.6). Among transferred patients, the VI+ group had higher rate of thrombectomy (69% vs 55%, P=0.016) and shorter door to puncture time (median minutes, VI+ 41 (IQR 26-53) vs VI- 54 (IQR 40-70), P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among patients with a suspected LVO stroke initially evaluated at a LSC, vascular imaging acquisition might improve workflow times at thrombectomy-capable centers and reduce the rate of futile interhospital transfers. These results deserve further evaluation and should be replicated in other settings and geographies.

Sex and gender differences in acute stroke care: metrics, access to treatment and outcome. A territorial analysis of the Stroke Code System of Catalonia.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have reported differences in the management and outcome of women stroke patients in comparison with men. We aim to analyze sex and gender differences in the medical assistance, access to treatment and outcome of acute stroke patients in Catalonia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from a prospective population-based registry of stroke code activations in Catalonia (CICAT) from January/2016 to December/2019. The registry includes demographic data, stroke severity, stroke subtype, reperfusion therapy, and time workflow. Centralized clinical outcome at 90 days was assessed in patients receiving reperfusion therapy. RESULTS: A total of 23,371 stroke code activations were registered (54% men, 46% women). No differences in prehospital time metrics were observed. Women more frequently had a final diagnosis of stroke mimic, were older and had a previous worse functional situation. Among ischemic stroke patients, women had higher stroke severity and more frequently presented proximal large vessel occlusion. Women received more frequently reperfusion therapy (48.2% vs 43.1%, p < 0.001). Women tended to present a worse outcome at 90 days, especially for the group receiving only IVT (good outcome 56.7% vs 63.8%; p < 0.001), but not for the group of patients treated with IVT + MT or MT alone, although sex was not independently associated with clinical outcome in logistic regression analysis (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 0.94-1.23; p = 0.27) nor in the analysis after matching using the propensity score (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 0.97-1.22). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We found some differences by sex in that acute stroke was more frequent in older women and the stroke severity was higher. We found no differences in medical assistance times, access to reperfusion treatment and early complications. Worse clinical outcome at 90 days in women was conditioned by stroke severity and older age, but not by sex itself.

Association of Time of Day With Outcomes Among Patients Triaged for a Suspected Severe Stroke in Nonurban Catalonia.

BACKGROUND: We aim to assess whether time of day modified the treatment effect in the RACECAT trial (Direct Transfer to an Endovascular Center Compared to Transfer to the Closest Stroke Center in Acute Stroke Patients With Suspected Large Vessel Occlusion Trial), a cluster-randomized trial that did not demonstrate the benefit of direct transportation to a thrombectomy-capable center versus nearest local stroke center for patients with a suspected large vessel stroke triaged in nonurban Catalonia between March 2017 and June 2020. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of RACECAT to evaluate if the association between initial transport routing and functional outcome differed according to trial enrollment time: daytime (8:00 am-8:59 pm) and nighttime (9:00 pm-7:59 am). Primary outcome was disability at 90 days, as assessed by the shift analysis on the modified Rankin Scale score, in patients with ischemic stroke. Subgroup analyses according to stroke subtype were evaluated. RESULTS: We included 949 patients with an ischemic stroke, of whom 258 patients(27%) were enrolled during nighttime. Among patients enrolled during nighttime, direct transport to a thrombectomy-capable center was associated with lower degrees of disability at 90 days (adjusted common odds ratio [acOR], 1.620 [95% CI, 1.020-2.551]); no significant difference between trial groups was present during daytime (acOR, 0.890 [95% CI, 0.680-1.163]; P interaction=0.014). Influence of nighttime on the treatment effect was only evident in patients with large vessel occlusion(daytime, acOR 0.766 [95% CI, 0.548-1.072]; nighttime, acOR, 1.785 [95% CI, 1.024-3.112] ; P interaction<0.01); no heterogeneity was observed for other stroke subtypes (P interaction>0.1 for all comparisons). We observed longer delays in alteplase administration, interhospital transfers, and mechanical thrombectomy initiation during nighttime in patients allocated to local stroke centers. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients evaluated during nighttime for a suspected acute severe stroke in non-urban areas of Catalonia, direct transport to a thrombectomy-capable center was associated with lower degrees of disability at 90 days. This association was only evident in patients with confirmed large vessel occlusion on vascular imaging. Time delays in alteplase administration and interhospital transfers might mediate the observed differences in clinical outcome. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT02795962.

Evolution of quality indicators in acute stroke during the RACECAT Trial: Impact in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke patients not referred directly to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) have reduced access to endovascular treatment (EVT). The RACECAT trial is a population-based cluster-randomized trial, designed to compare mothership and drip-and-ship strategies in acute ischemic stroke patients outside the catchment area of a CSC. AIMS: To analyze the evolution of performance indicators in the regions that participated in RACECAT. METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal observational study included all stroke alerts evaluated by emergency medical services in Catalonia between February 2016 and February 2020. Cases were classified geographically according to the nearest SC: local SC (Local-SC) and CSC catchment areas. We analyzed the evolution of EVT rates and relevant workflow times in Local-SC versus CSC catchment areas over three study periods: P1 (February 2016 to April 2017: before RACECAT initiation), P2 (May 2017 to September 2018), and P3 (October 2018 to February 2020). RESULTS: We included 20603 stroke alerts, 10,694 (51.9%) of which were activated within Local-SC catchment areas. The proportion of patients receiving EVT within Local-SC catchment areas increased (P1 vs. P3: 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 6.4-8.7) to 22.5% (95% CI, 20.8-24.4) p < 0.001). Inequalities in the odds of receiving EVT were reduced for patients from CSC versus Local-SC catchment areas (P1: odds ratio (OR) 3.9 (95% CI, 3.2-5) vs. P3: OR 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3-1.7) In Local-SC, door-to-image (P1: 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 15-36), P2: 24 (15-35), P3: 21 (13-32) min, p < 0.001) and door-to-needle times (P1: 42 (31-60), P2: 41 (29-58), P3: 35 (25-50) p < 0.001) reduced. Time from Local-SC arrival to groin puncture also decreased over time (P1: 188 [151-229], P2: 190 (157-233), P3: 168 (127-215) min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An increase in EVT rates in Local-SC regions with a significant decrease in workflow times occurred during the period of the RACECAT trial.

Determinants and Trends of the Use of Intravenous Thrombolysis for Minor Stroke: A Population-Based Study, 2016 to 2020.

BACKGROUND: We analyzed the main factors associated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in patients with minor ischemic stroke. METHODS: Data were obtained from a prospective, government-mandated, population-based registry of stroke code patients in Catalonia (6 Comprehensive Stroke Centers, 8 Primary Stroke Centers, and 14 TeleStroke Centers). We selected patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≤5 at hospital admission from January 2016 to December 2020. We excluded patients with a baseline modified Rankin Scale score of ≥3, absolute contraindication for IVT, unknown stroke onset, or admitted to hospital beyond 4.5 after stroke onset. The main outcome was treatment with IVT. We performed univariable and binary logistic regression analyses to identify the most important factors associated with IVT. RESULTS: We included 2975 code strokes; 1433 (48.2%) received IVT of which 30 (2.1%) had a symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation. Patients treated with IVT as compared to patients who did not receive IVT were more frequently women, had higher NIHSS, arrived earlier to hospital, were admitted to a Comprehensive Stroke Centers, and had large vessel occlusion. After binary logistic regression, NIHSS score 4 to 5 (odds ratio, 40.62 [95% CI, 31.73-57.22]; P<0.001) and large vessel occlusion (odds ratio, 16.39 [95% CI, 7.25-37.04]; P<0.001) were the strongest predictors of IVT. Younger age, female sex, baseline modified Rankin Scale score of 0, earlier arrival to hospital (<120 minutes after stroke onset), and the type of stroke center were also independently associated with IVT. The weight of large vessel occlusion on IVT was higher in patients with lower NIHSS. CONCLUSIONS: Minor stroke female patients, with higher NIHSS, arriving earlier to the hospital, presenting with large vessel occlusion and admitted to a Comprehensive Stroke Centers were more likely to receive intravenous thrombolysis.

Effect of Direct Transportation to Thrombectomy-Capable Center vs Local Stroke Center on Neurological Outcomes in Patients With Suspected Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke in Nonurban Areas: The RACECAT Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: In nonurban areas with limited access to thrombectomy-capable centers, optimal prehospital transport strategies in patients with suspected large-vessel occlusion stroke are unknown. Objective: To determine whether, in nonurban areas, direct transport to a thrombectomy-capable center is beneficial compared with transport to the closest local stroke center. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter, population-based, cluster-randomized trial including 1401 patients with suspected acute large-vessel occlusion stroke attended by emergency medical services in areas where the closest local stroke center was not capable of performing thrombectomy in Catalonia, Spain, between March 2017 and June 2020. The date of final follow-up was September 2020. Interventions: Transportation to a thrombectomy-capable center (n = 688) or the closest local stroke center (n = 713). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was disability at 90 days based on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; scores range from 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]) in the target population of patients with ischemic stroke. There were 11 secondary outcomes, including rate of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator administration and thrombectomy in the target population and 90-day mortality in the safety population of all randomized patients. Results: Enrollment was halted for futility following a second interim analysis. The 1401 enrolled patients were included in the safety analysis, of whom 1369 (98%) consented to participate and were included in the as-randomized analysis (56% men; median age, 75 [IQR, 65-83] years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 17 [IQR, 11-21]); 949 (69%) comprised the target ischemic stroke population included in the primary analysis. For the primary outcome in the target population, median mRS score was 3 (IQR, 2-5) vs 3 (IQR, 2-5) (adjusted common odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82-1.29). Of 11 reported secondary outcomes, 8 showed no significant difference. Compared with patients first transported to local stroke centers, patients directly transported to thrombectomy-capable centers had significantly lower odds of receiving intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (in the target population, 229/482 [47.5%] vs 282/467 [60.4%]; OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.45-0.76) and significantly higher odds of receiving thrombectomy (in the target population, 235/482 [48.8%] vs 184/467 [39.4%]; OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13-1.89). Mortality at 90 days in the safety population was not significantly different between groups (188/688 [27.3%] vs 194/713 [27.2%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.79-1.18). Conclusions and Relevance: In nonurban areas in Catalonia, Spain, there was no significant difference in 90-day neurological outcomes between transportation to a local stroke center vs a thrombectomy-capable referral center in patients with suspected large-vessel occlusion stroke. These findings require replication in other settings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02795962.

The Role of Vascular Imaging atReferral Centers in the Drip and Ship Paradigm.

BACKGROUND: In drip-and-ship protocols, non-invasive vascular imaging (NIVI) at Referral Centers (RC), although recommended, is not consistently performed and its value is uncertain. We evaluated the role of NIVI at RC, comparing patients with (VI+) and without (VI-) vascular imaging in several outcomes. METHODS: Observational, multicenter study from a prospective government-mandated population-based registry of code stroke patients. We selected acute ischemic stroke patients, initially assessed at RC from January-2016 to June-2020. We compared and analyzed the rates of patients transferred to a Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) for Endovascular Treatment (EVT), rates of EVT and workflow times between VI+ and VI- patients. RESULTS: From 5128 ischemic code stroke patients admitted at RC; 3067 (59.8%) were VI+, 1822 (35.5%) were secondarily transferred to a CSC and 600 (11.7%) received EVT. Among all patients with severe stroke (NIHSS ≥16) at RC, a multivariate analysis showed that lower age, thrombolytic treatment, and VI+ (OR:1.479, CI95%: 1.117-1.960, p=0.006) were independent factors associated to EVT. The rate of secondary transfer to a CSC was lower in VI+ group (24.6% vs. 51.6%, p<0.001). Among transferred patients, EVT was more frequent in VI+ than VI- (48.6% vs. 21.7%, p<0.001). Interval times as door-in door-out (median-minutes 83.5 vs. 82, p= 0.13) and RC-Door to puncture (median-minutes 189 vs. 178, p= 0.47) did not show differences between both groups. CONCLUSION: In the present study, NIVI at RC improves selection for EVT, and is associated with receiving EVT in severe stroke patients. Time-metrics related to drip-and-ship model were not affected by NIVI.

Effectiveness of Thrombectomy in Stroke According to Baseline Prognostic Factors: Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Analysis of a Population-Based Registry.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:  In real-world practice, the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is uncertain in stroke patients with very favorable or poor prognostic profiles at baseline. We studied the effectiveness of MT versus medical treatment stratifying by different baseline prognostic factors. METHODS:  Retrospective analysis of 2,588 patients with an ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion nested in the population-based registry of stroke code activations in Catalonia from January 2017 to June 2019. The effect of MT on good functional outcome (modified Rankin Score ≤2) and survival at 3 months was studied using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis in three pre-defined baseline prognostic groups: poor (if pre-stroke disability, age >85 years, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] >25, time from onset >6 hours, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score <6, proximal vertebrobasilar occlusion, supratherapeutic international normalized ratio >3), good (if NIHSS <6 or distal occlusion, in the absence of poor prognostic factors), or reference (not meeting other groups' criteria). RESULTS:  Patients receiving MT (n=1,996, 77%) were younger, had less pre-stroke disability, and received systemic thrombolysis less frequently. These differences were balanced after the IPTW stratified by prognosis. MT was associated with good functional outcome in the reference (odds ratio [OR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 4.4), and especially in the poor baseline prognostic stratum (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.6 to 5.9), but not in the good prognostic stratum. MT was associated with survival only in the poor prognostic stratum (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to 3.3). CONCLUSIONS:  Despite their worse overall outcomes, the impact of thrombectomy over medical management was more substantial in patients with poorer baseline prognostic factors than patients with good prognostic factors.

Impact of COVID-19 Infection on the Outcome of Patients With Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We evaluated whether stroke severity, functional outcome, and mortality are different in patients with ischemic stroke with or without coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. METHODS: A prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study in Catalonia, Spain. Recruitment was consecutive from mid-March to mid-May 2020. Patients had an acute ischemic stroke within 48 hours and a previous modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 to 3. We collected demographic data, vascular risk factors, prior mRS score, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, rate of reperfusion therapies, logistics, and metrics. Primary end point was functional outcome at 3 months. Favourable outcome was defined depending on the previous mRS score. Secondary outcome was mortality at 3 months. We performed mRS shift and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: We evaluated 701 patients (mean age 72.3±13.3 years, 60.5% men) and 91 (13%) had COVID-19 infection. Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was higher in patients with COVID-19 compared with patients without COVID-19 (8 [3-18] versus 6 [2-14], P=0.049). Proportion of patients with a favourable functional outcome was 33.7% in the COVID-19 and 47% in the non-COVID-19 group. However, after a multivariable logistic regression analysis, COVID-19 infection did not increase the probability of unfavourable functional outcome. Mortality rate was 39.3% among patients with COVID-19 and 16.1% in the non-COVID-19 group. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, COVID-19 infection was a risk factor for mortality (hazard ratio, 3.14 [95% CI, 2.10-4.71]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ischemic stroke and COVID-19 infection have more severe strokes and a higher mortality than patients with stroke without COVID-19 infection. However, functional outcome is comparable in both groups.

Bottlenecks in the Acute Stroke Care System during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Catalonia.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant healthcare reorganizations, potentially striking standard medical care. We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke care quality and clinical outcomes to detect healthcare system's bottlenecks from a territorial point of view. METHODS: Crossed-data analysis between a prospective nation-based mandatory registry of acute stroke, Emergency Medical System (EMS) records, and daily incidence of COVID-19 in Catalonia (Spain). We included all stroke code activations during the pandemic (March 15-May 2, 2020) and an immediate prepandemic period (January 26-March 14, 2020). Primary outcomes were stroke code activations and reperfusion therapies in both periods. Secondary outcomes included clinical characteristics, workflow metrics, differences across types of stroke centers, correlation analysis between weekly EMS alerts, COVID-19 cases, and workflow metrics, and impact on mortality and clinical outcome at 90 days. RESULTS: Stroke code activations decreased by 22% and reperfusion therapies dropped by 29% during the pandemic period, with no differences in age, stroke severity, or large vessel occlusion. Calls to EMS were handled 42 min later, and time from onset to hospital arrival increased by 53 min, with significant correlations between weekly COVID-19 cases and more EMS calls (rho = 0.81), less stroke code activations (rho = -0.37), and longer prehospital delays (rho = 0.25). Telestroke centers were afflicted with higher reductions in stroke code activations, reperfusion treatments, referrals to endovascular centers, and increased delays to thrombolytics. The independent odds of death increased (OR 1.6 [1.05-2.4], p 0.03) and good functional outcome decreased (mRS ≤2 at 90 days: OR 0.6 [0.4-0.9], p 0.015) during the pandemic period. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Catalonia's stroke system's weakest points were the delay to EMS alert and a decline of stroke code activations, reperfusion treatments, and interhospital transfers, mostly at local centers. Patients suffering an acute stroke during the pandemic period had higher odds of poor functional outcome and death. The complete stroke care system's analysis is crucial to allocate resources appropriately.

Vascular Occlusion Evolution in Endovascular Reperfusion Candidates Transferred from Primary to Comprehensive Stroke Centers.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of the symptomatic intracranial occlusion during transfers from primary stroke centers (PSCs) to comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) for endovascular treatment (EVT) is not widely known. Our aim was to identify factors related to partial or complete recanalization (REC) at CSC arrival in patients with a documented large vessel occlusion (LVO) in PSC transferred for EVT evaluation to better define the workflow at CSC of this group of patients. METHODS: We conducted an observational, multicenter study from a prospective, government-mandated, population-based registry of stroke patients with documented LVO at PSC transferred to CSC for EVT from January 2017 to June 2019. The primary end point was defined as partial or complete REC that precluded EVT at CSC arrival (REC). We evaluated the association between baseline, treatment variables and time intervals with the presence of REC. RESULTS: From 589 patients, the rate of REC at CSC was 10.5% in all LVO patients transferred from PSC to CSC for EVT evaluation. On univariate analysis, lower PSC-NIHSS (median 12vs.16, p = 0.001), tPA treatment at PSC (13.7 vs. 5.0%; p = 0.001), presence of M2 occlusion on PSC (16.8 vs. 9%; p = 0.023), and clinical improvement at CSC arrival (21.7 vs. 9.6% p = 0.001) were associated with REC at CSC. On multivariate analysis, clinical improvement at CSC arrival (p < 0.001, OR: 5.96 95% CI: 2.5-13.9) and PSC tPA treatment predicted REC (p = 0.003, OR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.73-12.4). CONCLUSION: REC at CSC arrival occurs exceptionally in patients with a documented LVO on PSC. Repeating a second vascular study before EVT would not be necessary in most patients. Despite its modest effect, tPA treatment at PSC was an independent predictor of REC.

Presencia de puntos gatillo miofasciales en pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo: estudio piloto descriptivo transversal / Presence of myofascial trigger points in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: A cross-sectional descriptive pilot study

Objetivos: Determinar la presencia de PGM activos y latentes en 4 músculos de hombro y 4 de cadera de las extremidades paréticas y no paréticas, en pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo, y analizar si existe relación con el grado de fuerza de las propias extremidades paréticas. Participantes y métodos: Se seleccionó a 22 pacientes con ictus isquémico de menos de 5 días de evolución, ingresados en la Unidad de Ictus de un centro hospitalario, que cursaron con una gravedad neurológica leve o moderada (escala National Institute of Health Stroke Scale 3-15) y paresia braquial o crural, y que, previamente al ingreso, presentaban autonomía funcional o incapacidad leve o muy leve (escala Rankin modificada 0-2). Se registraron los PGM en 4 músculos de fácil acceso palpatorio de cada hombro y 4 de cada cadera, siguiendo los criterios diagnósticos de Simons, Travell & Simons. Resultados: Todos los pacientes mostraron PGM latentes en hombro y cadera paréticos, siendo más frecuentes en el infraespinoso (94,4%) y en el glúteo mayor (78,9%). El grado de fuerza de las extremidades paréticas se correlacionó con la presencia de PGM latentes en áreas concretas de ambos músculos. Conclusiones: Los resultados orientan hacia una elevada presencia de PGM, predominantemente latentes, en hombro y cadera de las extremidades paréticas secundarias al ictus isquémico agudo. A su vez, apuntan a la posible correlación entre la propia presencia de PGM latentes y el grado de fuerza de las mismas extremidades paréticas. Sin embargo, son necesarios estudios de mayor tamaño muestral que permitan corroborar lo hallado en el presente estudio piloto

Objectives: To determine the presence of active and latent MTrPs in 4 shoulder muscles and 4 hip muscles of the paretic and non-paretic limbs, in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, and to analyse if there is a relationship with the degree of strength of the paretic extremities. Patients and methods: 22 patients with ischaemic stroke of less than 5 days' evolution were selected, admitted to the Stroke Unit of a hospital centre with mild or moderate neurological severity (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale 3-15), brachial and / or leg paresis, and that prior to admission presented functional autonomy or mild or very mild disability (modified Rankin scale 0-2). The MTrPs were recorded in 4 muscles of easy palpable access of each shoulder and 4 of each hip, following the diagnostic criteria of Simons, Travell & Simons. Results: All the patients showed latent MTrPs in the shoulder and hip pads, being more frequent in the infraspinatus (94.4%) and in the gluteus maximus (78.9%). The degree of strength of the paretic limbs correlated with the presence of latent PGMs in specific areas of both muscles. Conclusions: The results point towards a high presence of MTrPs, predominantly latent, in the shoulder and hip of the paretic limbs secondary to acute ischaemic stroke. In turn, they suggest a possible correlation between the presence of latent MTrPs and the degree of strength of the same paretic limbs. However, studies of larger sample size are needed to corroborate what was found in this pilot study

Transfer to the Local Stroke Center versus Direct Transfer to Endovascular Center of Acute Stroke Patients with Suspected Large Vessel Occlusion in the Catalan Territory (RACECAT): Study protocol of a cluster randomized within a cohort trial.

RATIONALE: Optimal pre-hospital delivery pathways for acute stroke patients suspected to harbor a large vessel occlusion have not been assessed in randomized trials. AIM: To establish whether stroke subjects with rapid arterial occlusion evaluation scale based suspicion of large vessel occlusion evaluated by emergency medical services in the field have higher rates of favorable outcome when transferred directly to an endovascular center (endovascular treatment stroke center), as compared to the standard transfer to the closest local stroke center (local-SC). DESIGN: Multicenter, superiority, cluster randomized within a cohort trial with blinded endpoint assessment. PROCEDURE: Eligible patients must be 18 or older, have acute stroke symptoms and not have an immediate life threatening condition requiring emergent medical intervention. They must be suspected to have intracranial large vessel occlusion based on a pre-hospital rapid arterial occlusion evaluation scale of ≥5, be located in geographical areas where the default health authority assigned referral stroke center is a non-thrombectomy capable hospital, and estimated arrival at a thrombectomy capable stroke hospital in less than 7 h from time last seen well. Cluster randomization is performed according to a pre-established temporal sequence (temporal cluster design) with three strata: day/night, distance to the endovascular treatment stroke center, and week/week-end day. STUDY OUTCOME: The primary endpoint is the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days. The primary safety outcome is mortality at 90 days. ANALYSIS: The primary endpoint based on the modified intention-to-treat population is the distribution of modified Rankin Scale scores at 90 days analyzed under a sequential triangular design. The maximum sample size is 1754 patients, with two planned interim analyses when 701 (40%) and 1227 patients have completed follow-up. Hypothesized common odds ratio is 1.35.

MRI predicts intracranial hemorrhage in patients who receive long-term oral anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with cardioembolic ischemic stroke who are treated with oral anticoagulants (OAs) can be predicted by evaluating surrogate markers of hemorrhagic-prone cerebral angiopathies using a baseline MRI. METHODS: Patients were participants in a multicenter and prospective observational study. They were older than 64 years, had a recent cardioembolic ischemic stroke, and were new users of OAs. They underwent a baseline MRI analysis to evaluate microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities, and cortical superficial siderosis. We collected demographic variables, clinical characteristics, risk scores, and therapeutic data. The primary endpoint was ICH that occurred during follow-up. We performed bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: We recruited 937 patients (aged 77.6 ± 6.5 years; 47.9% were men). Microbleeds were detected in 207 patients (22.5%), moderate/severe white matter hyperintensities in 419 (45.1%), and superficial siderosis in 28 patients (3%). After a mean follow-up of 23.1 ± 6.8 months, 18 patients (1.9%) experienced an ICH. In multivariable analysis, microbleeds (hazard ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-7, p = 0.034) and moderate/severe white matter hyperintensities (hazard ratio 5.7, 95% CI 1.6-20, p = 0.006) were associated with ICH (C index 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.85). Rate of ICH was highest in patients with both microbleed and moderate/severe WMH (3.76 per 100 patient-years, 95% CI 1.62-7.4). CONCLUSION: Patients taking OAs who have advanced cerebral small vessel disease, evidenced by microbleeds and moderate to severe white matter hyperintensities, had an increased risk of ICH. Our results should help to determine the risk of prescribing OA for a patient with cardioembolic stroke. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02238470.

Clinical Outcome of Ischemic Stroke in Old Patients Versus Oldest-Old.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether very old patients benefit from stroke unit. The aim of our work was to compare the clinical outcome of patients with ischemic stroke aged either 70 or 80 (G 1) versus oldest-old greater than or equal to 81 years (G 2). METHODS: Of 1187 patients admitted with stroke during 5 years in our stroke unit, we included 252 patients with independent functional status (modified Rankin scale, [mRS] ≤ 2) before the stroke. All patients underwent clinical examination, blood test, electrocardiography, brain imaging, and cerebrovascular ultrasound. Clinical outcome was assessed with the mRS and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at discharge. We considered favorable outcome mRS 0-2 at discharge. RESULTS: Of 252 patients included, 55% were male, 150 (59.5%) patients belonged to G1 and 102 (40.5%) G2. We detected a significant increase of atrial fibrillation, bronchoaspiration, mortality, higher NIHSS at admission, and worse functional status at discharge in G2. No significant differences in other demographic, vascular risk factors, hospital stay, NIHSS at discharge or subtype of stroke were found. NIHSS at discharge was the only independent predictor of good functional status (odds ratio 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.6; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Oldest-old patients showed similar NIHSS at discharge than younger patients despite having higher neurological severity at admission. Our results support the hypothesis that oldest-old patients have good recovery potential, and should not be excluded from the stroke unit. The worse functional status detected at discharge in these patients could be attributed to others factors and not to neurological severity.

Telestroke in Catalonia: Increasing Thrombolysis Rate and Avoiding Interhospital Transfers.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of a telestroke network on acute stroke care in Catalonia, by measuring thrombolysis rates, access to endovascular treatment, and clinical outcome of telestroke patients in a population-based study. METHODS: Telestroke network was implemented on March 2013 and consists of 12 community hospitals and 1 expert stroke neurologist 24 h/7 day, covering a population of 1.3 million inhabitants. Rest of the population (6.2 million) of Catalonia is covered by 8 primary stroke centers (PSC) and 6 comprehensive stroke centers (CSC). After a 2-way videoconference and visualization of neuroimaging on a web platform, the stroke neurologist decides the therapeutic approach and/or to transfer the patient to another facility, entering these data in a mandatory registry. Simultaneously, all patients treated with reperfusion therapies in all centers of Catalonia are prospectively recorded in a mandatory and audited registry. RESULTS: From March 2013 to December 2015, 1,206 patients were assessed by telestroke videoconference, of whom 322 received intravenous thrombolysis (IVT; 33.8% of ischemic strokes). Baseline and 24 h NIHSS, rate of symptomatic hemorrhage, mortality, and good outcome at 3 months were similar compared to those who received IVT in PSC or CSC (2,897 patients in the same period). The door-to-needle time was longer in patients treated through telestroke, but was progressively reduced from 2013 to 2015. Percentage of patients receiving thrombectomy after IVT was similar in patients treated through telestroke circuit, compared to those treated in PSC or CSC (conventional circuit). Population rates of IVT*100,000 inhabitants in Catalonia increased from 2011 to 2015, especially in areas affected by the implementation of telestroke network, achieving rates as high as 16 per 100,000 inhabitants. Transfers to another facility were avoided after telestroke consultation in 46.8% of ischemic, 76.5% of transient ischemic attacks, and 23.5% of hemorrhages. CONCLUSIONS: Telestroke favors safe and effective thrombolysis, helps to increase the population rate of IVT, and avoids a large number of interhospital transfers.

Statins do not increase Markers of Cerebral Angiopathies in patients with Cardioembolic Stroke.

We investigated whether pre-treatment with statins is associated with surrogate markers of amyloid and hypertensive angiopathies in patients who need to start long-term oral anticoagulation therapy. A prospective multicenter study of patients naive for oral anticoagulants, who had an acute cardioembolic stroke. MRI was performed at admission to evaluate microbleeds, leukoaraiosis and superficial siderosis. We collected data on the specific statin compound, the dose and the statin intensity. We performed bivariate analyses and a logistic regression to investigate variables associated with microbleeds. We studied 470 patients (age 77.5 ± 6.4 years, 43.7% were men), and 193 (41.1%) of them received prior treatment with a statin. Microbleeds were detected in 140 (29.8%), leukoaraiosis in 388 (82.5%) and superficial siderosis in 20 (4.3%) patients. The presence of microbleeds, leukoaraiosis or superficial siderosis was not related to pre-treatment with statins. Microbleeds were more frequent in patients with prior intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 9.7, 95% CI 1.06-90.9) and in those pre-treated antiplatelets (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.09-2.53). Prior treatment with statins was not associated with markers of bleeding-prone cerebral angiopathies in patients with cardioembolic stroke. Therefore, previous statin treatment should not influence the decision to initiate or withhold oral anticoagulation if these neuroimaging markers are detected.

Risk factors are different for deep and lobar remote hemorrhages after intravenous thrombolysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Remote parenchymal haemorrhage (rPH) after intravenous thrombolysis is defined as hemorrhages that appear in brain regions without visible ischemic damage, remote from the area of ischemia causing the initial stroke symptom. The pathophysiology of rPH is not clear and may be explained by different underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that rPH may have different risk factors according to the bleeding location. We report the variables that we found associated with deep and lobar rPH after intravenous thrombolysis. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of patients with ischemic stroke who were treated with intravenous thrombolysis. These patients were included in a multicenter prospective registry. We collected demographic, clinical and radiological data. We evaluated the number and distribution of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We excluded patients treated endovascularly, patients with parenchymal hemorrhage without concomitant rPH and stroke mimics. We compared the variables from patients with deep or lobar rPH with those with no intracranial hemorrhage. RESULTS: We studied 934 patients (mean age 73.9±12.6 years) and 52.8% were men. We observed rPH in 34 patients (3.6%); 9 (0.9%) were deep and 25 (2.7%) lobar. No hemorrhage was observed in 900 (96.6%) patients. Deep rPH were associated with hypertensive episodes within first 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis (77.7% vs 23.3%, p<0.001). Lobar rPH were associated with the presence of CMB (53.8% vs 7.9%, p<0.001), multiple (>1) CMB (30.7% vs 4.4%, p = 0.003), lobar CMB (53.8% vs 3.0%, p<0.001) and severe leukoaraiosis (76.9% vs 42%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: A high blood pressure within the first 24 hours after intravenous thrombolysis is associated with deep rPH, whereas lobar rPH are associated with imaging markers of amyloid deposition. Thus, our results suggest that deep and lobar rPH after intravenous thrombolysis may have different mechanisms.

Influence of Hospital Type on Outcomes of Individuals Aged 80 and Older with Stroke Treated Using Intravenous Thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to confirm the safety and effectiveness of using intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with individuals aged 80 and older in routine practice in different hospital settings. DESIGN: Observasional registry. SETTING: Prospective multicenter population-based registry of acute stroke patients treated with reperfusion therapies in Catalonia, Spain (Sistema Online d'Informació de l'Ictus Agut). PARTICIPANTS: Individuals treated only with IVT (N = 3,231; 1,189 (36.8%) aged ≥80). MEASUREMENTS: Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, mortality, and favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score = 0-2) at 3 months were evaluated according to hospital characteristics. Treating hospitals were classified in three categories: comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs), primary stroke centers (PSCs), and community hospitals operating a telestroke system (TS). First individuals aged 80 and older were compared with those younger than 80, and then participants aged 80 and older were focused on. RESULTS: Participants aged 80 and older had significantly higher baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, longer onset to treatment times, and worse outcomes than younger participants. For participants aged 80 and older, 90-day mortality was 23.2%, with 38.7% having favorable outcomes at 3 months. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH; Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-MOnitoring STudy definition) was observed in 4.7% of subjects. None of the risk factors differed significantly between participants treated in different types of hospitals. Basal stroke severity measured according to NIHSS score was not significantly different either. The three different types of hospitals achieved similar outcomes, although the TS and PSC hospitals had significantly higher proportions of SICH (6.3% and 6.3%, respectively) than the CSC (3.2%). CONCLUSION: Older adults with acute stroke treated with IVT had similar outcomes regardless of hospital characteristics.